托福写作金字塔原则的使用方法

卡米尔

　　提到“金字塔”小编首先想到的是一个呈现三角形样子的图形。而自然界中有很多的关系可以用金字塔这个图形来解释，例如：食物链的层级关系，公司的领导布局。金字塔解释了事物分布的状态，在托福写作中也同样适用。接下来就和大家详细介绍托福写作金字塔原则的使用。

　　金字塔原则是麦肯锡提出的，指的是任何事情都能够归纳出一个中心点，而此中心论点可以由数个一级论据支撑，这些一级论据也可以被数个二级论据支撑，如此延伸，状如金字塔。麦肯锡的这套金字塔理论在托福写作中使用的时候，是按照确定中心论点，中心论点后面是一级论据作为支撑，然后每一个一级论据后面又有1-2个二级论据支撑，这样的结构能够保证总论点的充分论述。

　　下面我们从托福写作题目中更好地理解这个理论的使用：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is easier to be a success in the past than it is today.

　　第一步：确定主观点

　　这是一道二选一的题目，针对题目给出的陈述，我们可以从同意或者反对任何一个角度来论述，而这里如果我们选择了支持的态度，即“I definitely agree that it was easier to be a success in the past compared with it is today”。这样的话，文章的中心点论点就确定了。

　　第二步：确定一级论据

　　一级论据主要是起到支撑中心论点的作用，也就是我们常说的分论点。在托福写作中一般有2-3条一级论据。每一条一级论据都有明显的逻辑词顺序，使得文章结构很清晰。

　　First and foremost, people had lower standard about the definitely of success in the past. (一级论据1)

　　Secondly, in the past, the competition was not as severe as it is in today. Nowadays, the competition is fierce in all walks of life, including marketing, technology and politics. (一级论据2)

　　Last but not least, the world today is an entire big market. An individual not only has to face the local market but also the international one. Bigger market means more chances and more challenges, too.(一级论据3)

　　第三步：将一级论据的两个方面，再进一步展开，形成二级论据

　　二级论据起到支撑一级论据的作用，二级论据的内容占据文章的大部分篇幅，主要以事实论据和讲道理的方式，侧重于细节的描述。每一个二级论据都是和一级论据逐一对应的关系。

　　In the past, owing to the restricted environment, people have low level of the definition success. Today people think that a success has to be successful in both family and career. A successful person is rich educated and prestigious A rich businessman may not be regarded as a success due to his limited education. Similarly, an admired politician is doing well in his career, but has rumor in his family life.(二级论据1)

　　If a person wants to own success in one business, he she is hardly to be the first one in the field. Eventually, he face with thousands even millions of competitors in the same field. On the other hand, in the past, especially before the Private Economy, fewer people took their own business. In a relatively simple environment, it is easier to succeed.(二级论据2)

　　Considering challenges, a success today has to be tested by the global market. A successful local company may not be welcomed by customers in the international market.(二级论据3)

　　以上三步的内容很好地体现了金字塔原则在托福写作文章中的运用。这样的结构能够清晰地展现文章的逻辑，而且起到逐层递进的关系，使得作者的观点实现拓展和详细阐述的目标。

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