托福阅读题型之句子简化题！

Angela_passions

目标：句子简化题

属性（OG p46）：选出一个句子，其句意要与原文中某个句子的主要意思相同。

正如OG 47页中的tips提到的，这类题错误的选项一般涉及了与原句的矛盾、遗漏了重要信息或者与主要观点矛盾。因此，解决这类题型的关键在于逻辑。

解题步骤：

1.找出原句的逻辑：

  换种说法就是说我们要搞清楚原句到底讲了怎么一回事。这个逻辑分为两种：第一种，句子里有什么动作，动作是谁发出的，动作的目标是谁，也就是说找到句子的主谓宾；第二种，找到原句中的逻辑词，如果原句有两个分句，那么是以什么逻辑联系在一起的，最简单的例子就是因果关系的句子中，谁是因谁是果。

  一般这种题型的原句都是很麻烦的长难句，所以觉得纠结的时候不如快刀斩乱麻，直接找主谓宾，第一眼先找谓语动词，然后句子就很明晰了。存在逻辑词连接的两个分句，就分别简化，再注意两个句子的逻辑联系。其实这就像是缩句，把“今天穿得漂漂亮亮的小明兴高采烈地去公园”简化成“小明去公园”，只留下说事的词，其他多余的修饰语先忽略，特别是冗长的定语从句等等，选项可能在这里出文章迷惑大家。但是在两个有对比关系存在的分句里，因为两个分句中被比较的事物本质可能都差不多，所以表修饰的定语从句才是关键，请大家区别对待。

2.看选项的逻辑：

  这个步骤和第一步没什么太大的差别，甚至更简单，因为一般选项的句子比原句更短、结构更简单。

3.原文与选项的对比：

  清楚了原文和选项分别在说什么事，就可以通过排除有明显矛盾的选项了。这个步骤在实际做题的时候，其实是和第二步同时发生的。

  在对比的时候要注意，错误选项中可能遗漏了原文的重要信息，也有可能无中生有了一种原文根本没有提到的逻辑关系，比如把两个本没有因果关系的句子，用因果逻辑词连接在了一起。

4.其他情况：

  经过了第三步骤之后，有可能选项还剩下不只一个，也就是说剩下的句子的主干的逻辑并没有和原文有直接的冲突，那么这剩下错误选项中还可能存在：A.对于程度副词的过分夸大，做题的时候应该对绝对词（比如never, 最高级形容词等这些修饰程度比较强烈的词）保持警觉；B.对于状语的改写，比如对时间地点的改变或者无中生有。

说了这么多，举个栗子~（Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States—OG）
The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semi-subsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.
B. Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively.
C. The semi-subsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs' control of the market economy.
D. The Democrats' power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operating.

这句话的原句本身就比较简单，而且两分句由whereas连接存在着一定的对比。先找出原句的逻辑：Whigs—areas fully integrated into market economy[ whereas表转折]Demo—areas: farming, isolated, languishing
再来看选项
A：Whigs—only in wealthiest parts[ because] Demo—other areas, 这个选项不仅滥用了绝对词only,而且无中生有了不存在的因果关系，可以排除。
B：Whig and Demo influence areas were naturally split. 原文并没有提，排除。
C：Demo’s farming areas 愈发isolated←?(弱因果)Whig’s control.捏造了愈发isolated和因果关系，可以排除。
D：Demo—areas: poorer[while表转折]Whig—areas: market was fully operating.这个选项和原文的逻辑基本相同，只是把两个分句的位置变了，所以这个可以选~

再来看个TPO上的例子~（Cave art in Europe—TPO 4）
Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A．Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that if they drew a human image in their cave art, it would cause death or injury.
B．Many contemporary people believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, so they, like Upper Paleolithic people, rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.
C．If Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, this belief might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.
D．Although many contemporary peoples believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, researchers cannot explain why Upper Paleolithic people rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.

这个句子读上去比上个例子稍微复杂一点，但是让我们来分析一下：
[Upper Paleolithic believed that (drawing could cause death/Injury)] || [if so] —explain (弱因果)—[ why figures rarely depicted]
是不是很清晰呢？然后来看一下各选项：

A．UP believed that (if they drew…, it would cause death/injury).在第一次审查时候，它的逻辑与选项的前半部分比较吻合，先过关
B. [contemporary people believed that (drawing cause death/injury)]—因果—they rarely depicted figures. 选项因为原文的定语like contemporary people而试图偷换主语，引出的结果自然也是不存在的~排除
C. [If UP believed that (drawing could cause death/injury)] || this explains — [why figures rarely depicted].选项的逻辑和原句很吻合，先过关
D. [Although contemporary people believe (drawing could cause death/injury)]—转折—[researchers can’t explain (why figures rarely depicted)].选项是一个转折关系复句，表达的逻辑也和原文有比较大的出入，排除

选项中有两个在第一轮剩下，那么我们再看一遍原句，看一下之前缩句有没有忽略重要的程度副词，原句的前半个分句有一个perhaps，所以A选项中表达的句意只是有可能，并不准确，于是可以肯定的排除。其实从另一个角度说，在第一遍审查的时候，A选项只表达了原句一半的意思，而遗漏了后面重要的半句，因此并不能成为原句的替换，本是可以排除的。但是我在这里还是稍微保守了一点，看完所有选项，再从优选择~谨慎一点比较好呢~~

不管长句短句，我们的方法却是普遍使用滴~所以遇到长难句千万不要慌，用我们的步骤1234来排除小怪兽，你会发现句子简化题完全不可怕~~~

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